Skin Rashes

Skin rashes are common and can appear in various forms, such as red patches, bumps, or dry, flaky areas. Rashes may cause itching, pain, or irritation. This outline summary considers several causes, and treatments, thus more specific advice should be taken when the cause of the rash has been narrowed down.

Seek medical attention if other worrying symptoms are present, especially in children, and especially if there is a high temperature, or pain, or sickness or lethargy (difficulty staying awake, confusion) or if it is spreading quickly.

Common Types & Causes

1. Contact Dermatitis:
   • Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Occurs when the skin comes into direct contact with something that damages its outer layer, such as soaps, detergents, or solvents.
   • Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Triggered by an allergic reaction to chemicals and substances like some cosmetics, metals (e.g., nickel), or sap from certain plants.
2. Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): This is a long-term condition involving skin that is dry, cracked, and itchy. It often runs in families and may worsen with allergens or irritants.
3. Psoriasis: This is an autoimmune skin condition where skin cell growth speeds up resulting in scaly, itchy, and inflamed patches. It often appears on the scalp, elbows, or knees.
4. Hives (Urticaria): These raised, itchy welts are often triggered by allergies, stress, or infections. They usually go away within 24 hours but can keep returning.
5. Heat Rash: Caused by blocked sweat glands, this rash appears as irritating small red spots and it commonly affects areas where skin folds.
6. Fungal Infections: Conditions like ringworm or athlete’s foot result from fungal growth on the skin, causing red, scaly patches.
7. Viral Rashes: Infections like chickenpox, measles, or shingles may cause distinctive rashes.
8. Allergies: Reactions to foods, medications, or insect stings can result in hives or other skin presentations

NHS Information on Skin Rashes

The NHS in Wales has produced a helpful resource which includes photographs for comparison. https://111.wales.nhs.uk/livewell/skinrashes/

Also visit their Symptom Checker and type in ‘Skin Rash’ for further specific information.

Help at the Pharmacy

Treatment depends on the cause of the rash, but some general treatments can help relieve discomfort and speed up recovery.

1. Avoid Triggers: Identifying and avoiding allergens or irritants is crucial. If you suspect a product is causing irritation, stop using it.
2. Moisturisers (Emollients): Regularly applying fragrance-free moisturizers can help soothe dry and itchy skin. These are particularly useful for eczema or dry skin conditions.
3. Topical Steroids: Mild steroid creams, such as hydrocortisone, can reduce inflammation and irritation. Stronger steroid creams are available by prescription for more severe cases.
4. Antihistamines: These medications can relieve itching and swelling caused by allergic reactions, such as hives.
5. Cold Compresses: Applying a cool, damp cloth to the affected area can reduce itching and calm inflamed skin.
6. Medicated Creams: For fungal infections, antifungal creams are effective. For bacterial infections, antibiotic creams may be prescribed.
7. Oatmeal Baths: Soaking in an oatmeal bath can soothe irritation and reduce itching, particularly for eczema or chickenpox rashes.

Preventing Skin Rashes

Preventing rashes often involves lifestyle changes and skincare routines:

• Use mild, fragrance-free soaps and detergents.
• Moisturize regularly to prevent dryness.
• Avoid known allergens, such as certain metals or strong chemicals.
• Wear protective clothing when exposed to plants, harsh cleaners, or the sun.
• Keep your skin cool and dry to reduce the risk of heat rash.

When to See a Doctor

While many rashes clear up on their own, some may require medical attention. Seek medical advice if:

• The rash is severe or covers a large area of the body, or is spreading or worsening.
• The rash is accompanied by high temperature (fever) swelling, or pus.
• Blisters develop around the eyes, mouth, or genitals.
• The rash does not improve with over-the-counter treatments.
• You experience signs of an allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing or swelling in the throat (this requires urgent care).
• Uncertainty about the cause of the rash symptoms

Specific Considerations

• Children: Rashes are common in children and they usually get better on their own. But if other worrying symptoms are present, for example, if the rash is accompanied by a high temperature, or lethargy (difficulty staying awake, confusion) or anything else that worries you, then seek medical attention straight away. [Meningitis is something that clinicians are likely to think about with this combination of symptoms]
• Allergic Reactions: A skin rash or flushing is also a symptom of some more severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, (difficulty breathing and or swelling in or around the mouth, tongue or throat) which is a medical emergency requiring immediate medical attention. [Dial 999]
• Chronic Conditions: Conditions like eczema or psoriasis may require ongoing management and consultation with a dermatologist.

Managing Chronic Conditions

For long-term conditions like eczema or psoriasis, managing symptoms is key:

• Follow a regular skincare routine with gentle cleansing and moisturising.
• Avoid scratching, as this can worsen irritation.
• Use prescribed medications consistently to manage flare-ups.

Summary

Skin rashes are often harmless, but understanding their causes and treatments can help manage symptoms effectively. By maintaining a healthy skincare routine, identifying triggers, and using appropriate treatments, most rashes can be controlled. If symptoms persist or worsen then seek medical care from a doctor or dermatologist.