Acne is a common skin condition that affects many people especially during their teenage years. It occurs when hair roots (follicles) become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to whiteheads, blackheads, or pimples. Understanding the causes and available treatments can help people to reduce and hopefully clear up their acne.
Causes of Acne
Acne develops due to several factors:
- Excess Sebum Production: Sebaceous glands produce oil (sebum) to lubricate the skin. Overproduction of this natural skin oil can lead to clogged pores.
- Clogged Hair Follicles: Dead skin cells can accumulate and mix with sebum, blocking hair follicles.
- Bacterial Growth: The bacterium Cutibacterium acnes can thrive in clogged follicles, leading to inflammation.
- Hormonal Changes: Changes in hormones, especially during puberty, can increase sebum production.
NHS Information
The NHS provides extensive Information on Acne and its treatment, with several photos, taking into account its many and various possible causes.
Help at the Pharmacy
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Treatments: For mild acne, products containing benzoyl peroxide can be effective. Benzoyl peroxide acts as an antiseptic, reducing bacteria on the skin. It’s available as a gel or face wash and is typically used once or twice daily. Users should be cautious, as it can cause skin irritation, dryness, and increased sensitivity to sunlight.
When to Seek Medical Advice
If over-the-counter treatments don’t improve acne after a few months, or if acne is very bad (characterized by nodules or cysts), it would be advisable to consult a GP. Early treatment can prevent scarring and address potential psychological impacts.
Antibiotic Lotions: These help kill bacteria on the skin that can infect plugged hair follicles. They’re available as lotions, creams or gels that are applied once or twice daily. A typical course lasts 6 to 8 weeks. Longer use isn’t recommended due to the risk of bacterial resistance. Side effects are uncommon but can include skin irritation.
Oral Antibiotics: For moderate to severe acne, oral antibiotics like tetracyclines are prescribed. These treatments usually last around 6 months. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding are advised to take erythromycin instead.
Oral Contraceptives: Combined oral contraceptive pills can help women with acne by regulating hormones that may contribute to acne. However, they may not be suitable for everyone and can have side effects.
Topical Retinoids: Medications like tretinoin and adapalene help remove dead skin cells from the skin’s surface, preventing them from building up within hair follicles. They’re usually applied once a day before bedtime. Potential side effects include skin irritation and increased sensitivity to sunlight.
Oral Isotretinoin: For severe cases that don’t respond to other treatments, isotretinoin capsules (formerly known as Roaccutane) may be prescribed. This powerful medication reduces sebum production but has significant potential side effects and requires close monitoring.
Self Care & Prevention
- Avoid Picking or Squeezing Spots: This can lead to permanent scarring.
- Cleanse Gently: Use a mild cleanser and avoid harsh scrubbing, which can irritate the skin.
- Stay Hydrated and Maintain a Balanced Diet: While diet’s direct impact on acne is still being studied, a healthy lifestyle supports overall skin health.
Understanding acne and its treatments can empower individuals to manage the condition effectively. It’s essential to be patient, as treatments can take several weeks to show results. Always consult with healthcare professionals before starting new treatments to ensure they’re appropriate for your specific situation.